Running head: MORAL SHAME AND IMAGE SHAME 1 Two faces of group-based shame: Moral Shame and Image Shame differentially predict positive and negative orientations to ingroup wrongdoing

This paper proposes distinctions between guilt and two forms of shame: guilt arises from a violated norm and is characterised by a focus on specific behaviour; shame can be characterised by a threatened social image (Image Shame) or a threatened moral essence (Moral Shame). Applying this analysis to group-based emotions, three correlational studies are reported, set in the context of atrocities committed by (British) ingroup members during the Iraq war (Ns, 147, 256, 399). Results showed that the two forms of shame could be distinguished. Moreover, once the other form of shame was controlled for, they were differentially related to orientations towards the outgroup: Image Shame was associated with negative orientations, whereas Moral Shame had associations with positive outgroup orientations. These associations were distinct from the associations of guilt and rejection. Study 3 used a longitudinal design and provided evidence suggestive of a causal direction from emotions to outgroup orientation.